The fall of the pharaohs in Egypt marked a significant turning point in ancient Egyptian history. Between 664 and 525 BCE, a series of invasions and occupations by foreign powers, including the Assyrians, Babylonians, and Persians, weakened the pharaonic rule. The last native pharaoh, Nectanebo II, was defeated by the Persian king Artaxerxes III in 343 BCE, ending an era of over 3,000 years of pharaonic rule. Egypt subsequently became a satrapy (province) of the Persian Empire, and its pharaonic institutions and traditions gradually declined and were replaced by foreign influences.
